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- The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman
- Descent Into Madness
-
- Charlotte Perkins Gilman's, "The Yellow Wallpaper" is the story of a woman's
- descent into madness as the result of being isolated as a form of "treatment"
- when suffering from post-partum depression. On a larger scale, Gilman is also
- telling the story of how women were kept prisoners by the confines of the
- society of her time and the penalties these women incurred when they attempted
- to break free from these confines.
- In the beginning of the story, the narrator, whose name is never divulged,
- has been brought to an isolated country estate in order to recuperate from "a
- slight hysterical tendency" by her husband, John, who is also a physician.
- From the outset it becomes apparent that she is an unreliable narrator due to
- her state of mind. The paragraphs of the story are short and choppy,
- indicating an inability to concentrate and a mind that is racing from one
- thing to another. The narrator talks about her imaginings that the house is
- haunted," . . . There is something strange about the house-I can feel it"; she
- also relates how everything she does exhausts her. These symptoms, as well as
- the numerous referrals by the narrator to the baby, indicate post-partum
- depression. When speaking of the baby the narrator says, for example, "I
- cannot be with him, it makes me so nervous."
- In order to treat this "temporary nervous depression," John isolates her from
- society and orders her to do nothing but rest. He even becomes upset when she
- wishes to write, causing this story to be "composed" of writings she manages
- to do in secret. John places her in the attic of the mansion, like a dirty
- secret, in what she believes to be a former nursery. There is, however,
- strong evidence that the narrator is not the first mental patient to occupy
- the room. There are bars on the windows, gouges in the floor and walls, and
- rings fastened to the walls; the bed is bolted down and has been gnawed on,
- and the wallpaper has been torn off in patches.
- Confined to this room day after day, the narrator begins to study the
- wallpaper: ". . . I determine for the thousandth time that I will follow that
- pointless pattern to some sort of conclusion." "That pointless pattern"
- refers to the rigid pattern of complete subjugation to men that women of
- Gilman's day were expected to follow. A woman of that era was the "property"
- of her father until she married. She then became the chattel of her husband
- with no legal rights and no authority to determine what was best for her.
- The narrator begins to see things in the pattern of the wallpaper: "There is
- a recurrent spot where the pattern lolls like a broken neck and two bulbous
- eyes stare at you upside down." This is indicative of the fate of those
- foolhardy women who strayed from the path society had dictated to them. A
- woman who attempted to break loose from that pattern was subject to social
- ostracism. If not already married, she destroyed any hope she may have had of
- marriage, family and living within the norms of society. If already married,
- she risked physical punishment, the loss of her family, or was even considered
- mad. In either case, it is unlikely she could ever hope to be considered
- respectable again.
- [TEACHER'S NOTE: YOU NEED A TRANSITION HERE] On moonlit nights, the narrator
- sees bars appear on the wallpaper which are, in actuality, simply shadows from
- the bars in the window. She also begins to see the form of a woman behind
- those bars. The woman is trying to "escape" by shaking the bars and,
- initially, this frightens the narrator. She fears the kind of woman who dare
- to attempt escape from the bars of society and the reprecussions that would
- follow for that woman. Most of all, she is terrified of the rebellious
- thoughts in her own mind that could, if not contained, cause her to become
- that woman, inevitably suffering the same dreadful repercussions and
- destroying her life.
- As time goes on, the narrator's mind slips deeper into mental illness. She
- becomes increasingly paranoid about John and Jennie, the housekeeper. "The
- fact is, I am getting a little afraid of John. He seems very queer sometimes
- and even Jennie has an inexplicable look." She also begins to smell the
- yellow wallpaper wherever she goes, and soon she believes she actually sees
- the woman from the wallpaper creeping in the garden during the day.
- The narrator begins to see the woman in the wallpaper more clearly: "And she
- is all the time trying to climb through the patter-it strangles so; I think
- that is why it has so many heads. They get through and then the pattern
- strangles them off and turns them upside down, and makes their eyes white!"
- This is another symbolic reference to the fate of women fo tried to escape the
- path society has prescribed for them.
- As the narrator slips even deeper into madness, she becomes determined to
- help the woman from the wallpaper escape. She waits until she is alone, then
- strips the wallpaper from the wall. In order to reach higher, she attempts to
- move the bed; when she is unable to do so, she gnaws the bed.
- The narrator locks the doors and throws the key out the window. When John
- finally manages to get in the room, he finds his wife, completely mad now,
- "creeping" around the edge of the wall. When asked what she is doing, the
- narrator replies, "I've gout out at last . . . in spite of you and Jane. And
- I've pulled off most of the paper, so you can't put me back!" Although Gilman
- does not tell us who Jane is, it is plausible that the narrator's name is Jane
- and, in her madness, she believes she has become the woman from the wallpaper
- and finally escaped. [TEACHER'S NOTE: BRIEFLY FOLLOW UP ON THIS - SHE, AS A
- FREE WOMAN, IS COMPLETELY DIFFERENT THAN THE SUBSERVIENT, PASSIVE WIFE WHO
- BEGAN THIS NARRATIVE]
- "The Yellow Wallpaper" is a fascinating look into the mind of a woman
- slipping deeper and deeper into mental illness. It is also, however, clearly
- a statement by Gilman of the absurd confines society places on the women of
- her time and the extreme consequences that befell the women who attempted to
- break free of those confines.
-
- [TEACHER'S COMMENTS: THIS IS A WELL-WRITTEN AND STURDILY SUPPORTED
- EXPLICATION. GOOD WORK! GRADE: A]
-